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Damage, loss or delay of goods carried by road to or from Turkey is a common problem for exporters and importers. Such carriage is governed by the Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road, known as the CMR, to which Turkey is a party. Under the CMR, the carrier is, as a rule, liable for loss of or damage to the goods from the time it takes them over until delivery. The carrier's liability is, however, subject to certain exceptions and to limi

Capital is what shareholders contribute to enable a company to be formed and to continue operating. Under the Turkish Commercial Code, capital may consist not only of cash but also of other assets that can be transferred and valued in money. Our Turkish article examines whether and how a receivable can be contributed as capital. The article explains the concepts of capital and receivable, the expert valuation required when a receivable is contributed in kind, the prohibition

In international transport, contracts of carriage are often concluded not by the parties themselves but through representatives and brokers. Our Turkish article examines the legal questions this raises. The first part covers representation: direct and indirect representation, the scope of authority, the internal and external relationships, and the conflict of laws rules under Turkish private international law that determine which law governs the relationship between the princ

Foreign investment plays an important role in the economic development of states, and investors in turn expect a stable legal environment. Where disputes arise between a foreign investor and the host state, international investment agreements usually provide for arbitration. Our Turkish article examines this mechanism. The article introduces investment arbitration and focuses on ICSID arbitration, covering the conditions for bringing a claim, how the proceedings work, the app

Exclusive distribution agreements allow manufacturers to enter foreign markets through a single distributor who buys the goods in its own name and resells them in a defined territory. Our Turkish article examines how such agreements are treated under Turkish private international law. The article first sets out the main features of an exclusive distribution agreement: its continuing nature, the distributor acting in its own name and for its own account, the distributor's role

Maritime trade runs on tight schedules, and delays in loading, discharging or returning containers can cause significant losses for carriers. Our Turkish article examines demurrage and detention, the two main mechanisms used to compensate for such delays, both for ships and for containers. For ships, the article follows the sequence set out in the Turkish Commercial Code for voyage charters: the notice of readiness, the delivery of the cargo, the laytime available for loading

The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, commonly known as the Vienna Convention or CISG, has been part of Turkish law since Turkey became a party to it, and it has applied in Turkey since 1 August 2011. Our Turkish article examines one of its most practical questions for exporters and importers: the point at which the risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes from the seller to the buyer. The article first sets out when the Conventi

Maritime trade is a field where parties, vessels and cargo from different countries come together, and where contract, insurance and enforcement law intertwine. Disputes in this field often require swift action and familiarity with international practice. Areas of work Bunker, freight, shipyard and ship supply claims Disputes arising from charter parties and bills of lading Ship sale and purchase and ship mortgages Judicial sale of ships and post-auction proceedings Seafarers

Various amendments to the electricity market regulations of the Energy Market Regulatory Authority were published in the Official Gazette of 19 October 2026 and entered into force. The amendments introduce new obligations in the fields of electricity storage and unlicensed electricity generation. These changes are of direct interest both to existing facility owners and to those planning investments in these fields. Owners of unlicensed generation facilities and those consider

Receiving a tax and penalty notice following a tax audit is a situation companies frequently face. Such a notice does not mean that the amount must simply be paid as it stands. The taxpayer has several options. Settlement with the tax administration may be sought, penalties may be paid at a reduced rate in certain cases, and where the notice is considered unlawful, recourse to the courts is also available. When choosing any of these routes, care should be taken not to lose th

In recent years, Dubai has become one of the investment hubs most frequently considered by Turkish entrepreneurs and exporters. The commercial opportunities in the region lead many companies to consider establishing a presence there. Investors wishing to set up a company in Dubai face a range of company types and formation options. Which structure is suitable depends on the nature of the business, the target market and how the company is expected to grow. Setting up a company

Every company processing personal data is subject to obligations of disclosure, explicit consent, data security and registration under Law No. 6698 on the Protection of Personal Data. Failure to comply with these obligations may result in administrative fines and claims by data subjects. Solak Law Office advises companies on compliance and on proceedings before the Personal Data Protection Board. Areas of work KVKK compliance and data inventory work Privacy notices, explicit

In international commercial relationships, parties often prefer to resolve their disputes through arbitration rather than before state courts. Drafting the arbitration clause correctly, conducting the proceedings and ensuring that the award can be enforced in Turkey are interconnected stages of this process. Solak Law Office represents its clients in domestic and international arbitration and in the recognition and enforcement of foreign court judgments and arbitral awards in

Flat-for-land construction and barter agreements govern the mutual obligations of the parties over an extended period. Delays in delivery, incomplete or defective work and disputes over title transfers are the most common problems in this field. Solak Law Office supports landowners, contractors and real estate investors from the contract stage through to disputes. Areas of work Flat-for-land construction and barter agreements Title deed cancellation and registration cases Dis

In carriage by road, sea and air, and in multimodal transport, liability for loss of or damage to cargo or for delayed delivery is determined by the contract of carriage and the applicable international rules. Solak Law Office advises carriers, freight forwarders, shippers and consignees in this field and conducts litigation on their behalf. Areas of work Claims for cargo damage, loss and delay International road carriage under the CMR Freight forwarder disputes Freight and c

When an employment relationship ends, claims for severance and notice pay, overtime, annual leave and unpaid wages come into question. Whether these claims arise, and their scope, depend on the form and grounds of the termination. Solak Law Office advises employees and employers from the start to the end of the employment relationship and conducts litigation on their behalf. Areas of work Severance and notice pay claims Overtime, annual leave and wage claims Reinstatement cla

Insurance contracts are governed by Articles 1401 et seq. of the Turkish Commercial Code. In practice, most disputes concern whether the loss falls within the policy coverage, the amount of indemnity payable and the insurer's grounds for refusing payment. Solak Law Office advises and litigates in these disputes on behalf of insureds, policyholders and insurance companies. Property and indemnity insurance In motor own damage, fire, engineering and construction all risks, machi

In energy projects, the legal structure is usually built around a separate company established for the project (SPV), and the relationship between investors is set out in a shareholders' agreement. Solak Law Office works on renewable energy projects of Turkish investors in Turkey and abroad. Areas of work Formation of the project company and its shareholding structure Investor and local partner agreements EPC, supply and power purchase agreements Licensing and permit procedur

Turkey has been a party to the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) since 2011, and unless the parties agree otherwise, the Convention applies to international sales of goods. Solak Law Office supports importers and exporters from the contract stage through to disputes. Areas of work International sale, supply and distribution agreements Incoterms, letters of credit and payment terms Disputes over defective goods, short delivery an

Solak Law Office advises on transactions under the Turkish Commercial Code, from company formation to share transfers and disputes between shareholders. Areas of work Formation of joint stock and limited liability companies, companies with foreign capital Shareholders' agreements and share transfers General assembly and board of directors proceedings Drafting and negotiation of commercial contracts Notices and commercial receivable disputes Solak Law Office · Gayrettepe, Vefa